By Charlie Johnson, CEO of ADC Bio, adcbio.com
The scale of patient demand has fuelled an overarching healthcare market need to expand the drug development pipeline to generate more biologics to treat multiple diseases and innovative new biopharmaceuticals to further enhance the treatment of cancer. The effectiveness of antibody drug conjugates and checkpoint inhibitors in combating cancer is having a massive impact on the ADC R&D market; additionally, new and exciting uses of antibody drug conjugates are also being actively researched. Data analysis by Beacon Targeted Therapies highlights this significant ADC market trend.
As the number of ADCs used in drug development and actual healthcare treatment expands, so does pressure to intensify their development, driving advanced manufacturing techniques and supply chain innovation.
Growth in Oncology Drug Combination Treatments and of ADCs for Disease Treatments Beyond Cancer
The ADC biopharmaceuticals sector has seen a big trend towards R&D into new uses of ADCs – both in terms of combination drugs for treating cancer and the application of the drug class for the treatment of other diseases beyond the realm of cancer indications.
Research has shown that antibody drug conjugates have application as anti-inflammatory agents, anti-microbials and anti virals. Analysis by Beacon Targeted Therapies shows that clinical trials for ADCs are already underway to test their effectiveness in treating a number of non-cancer indications. There are currently nine trials that are focused on diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD), myeloproliferative neoplasm and myelodysplastic syndrome, HIV-1-infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and bacteraemia. The ADCs that are being used in this research include Brentuximab Vedotin and RG7861. The RG7861 antibody drug conjugate is an anti-Staphylococcus aureus ADC conjugated to dmDNA3.1 payload. The ADC is being studied in two phase I trials for S. aureus bacteraemia.
Furthermore, phase I studies are also underway into rheumatoid arthritis treatment using ABBV-337 which is based on Adalimumab (anti-TNFalpha) conjugated with a glucocorticoid receptor. This treatment has a different mode of action to that of brentuximab-based depletion of T-Cells.
In oncology, Beacon Targeted Therapies analysis shows that the total number of active clinical trials of ADC/Checkpoint Modulator combination drugs is 40. Checkpoint inhibitors most frequently used in combination with ADCs include Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab and Atezolizumab (see Table 1.)
Table 1. ADC & Checkpoint Combination Trials
| ADC |
Checkpoint Modulators |
Number
of Trials |
| Brentuximab vedotin |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1)
Nivolumab (PD-1)
Ipilimumab (CTLA-4)
|
13 |
| Trastuzumab Emtansine |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1)
Atezolizumab (PD-L1)
Utomilumab (4-1BB)
|
6 |
| Ladiratuzumab vedotin |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1)
Atezolizumab (PD-L1)
|
3 |
| Glembatumumab Vedotin |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1)
Nivolumab (PD-1)
Varlilumab (CD27)
|
3 |
| Anetumab Ravtansine |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1)
Nivolumab (PD-1)
Atezolizumab (PD-L1)
Ipilimumab (CTLA-4)
|
3 |
| Rovalpituzumab tesirine |
Nivolumab (PD-1)
Ipilimumab (CTLA-4)
|
2 |
| Mirvetuximab soravtansine |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1) |
2 |
| Loncastuximab Tesirine |
Durvalumab (PD-L1) |
1 |
| Enfortumab vedotin |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1) |
1 |
| SC-003 |
ABBV-181 (PD-1) |
1 |
| SC-004 |
ABBV-181 (PD-1) |
1 |
| SC-006 |
ABBV-181 (PD-1) |
1 |
| GSK2857916 |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1) |
1 |
| MGC018 |
MGA012 (PD-1) |
1 |
| BMS-986148 |
Nivolumab (PD-1) |
1 |
| Tisotumab vedotin |
Pembrolizumab (PD-1) |
1 |
| Trastuzumab Deruxtecan |
Nivolumab (PD-1) |
1 |
| Polatuzumab Vedotin |
Atezolizumab (PD-L1) |
1 |
| BMS-986183 |
Nivolumab (PD-1) |
1 |
| Telisotuzumab vedotin |
Nivolumab (PD-1) |
1 |
Of the 14 trials studying pembrolizumab in combination with different ADCs, four trials are in phase II. The disease indications include myeloma, endometrial cancer, breast cancer and melanoma. Six trials are in phase I/II and the disease indications studied include cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, DLBCL, Hodgkin lymphoma, , melanoma and other solid tumors.
A total of 20 trials are studying combination of nivolumab and ADCs. Nivolumab in combination with BV is in phase III studies for Hodgkin lymphoma. Eight trials are studying ADCs in combination with nivolumab in phase 2 trials, mostly for Hodgkin lymphoma (only one trial is studying the combination for melanoma). Various studies for other solid tumors are mostly in phase I or phase I/II.
A total of six trials are evaluating atezolizumab in combinations with ADCs. One phase II trial is evaluating the combination in breast cancer. All other trials are still in phase I or phase I/II and evaluating the combinations in indications including breast cancer, DLBCL, follicular lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, urothelial and bladder cancer.
Pre-clinical studies using monoclonal antibodies to target non-cytotoxic drugs are growing. In the immune-oncology space, for example, the use of the antiCD11a mAb is being utilised to target a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor to improve the therapeutic index of the highly potent anti-inflammatory drug (1) or liver X receptor agonists for an atherosclerosis indication (2).
Chemical conjugation can be used instead of the fusion protein route to target a protein toxin or function protein. Examples of this include urease delivery, lintuzumab gelonin (L-DOS47) (3), ricin toxin A; targeted delivery of siRNA (4) and the formation of chemical conjugated Fab fragment based bispecifics (5).
The ever increasing diversity of ADCs reflecting a move to the targeted approach for a wider range of bioactives is important and must not be inhibited by the well-known supply chain complexity and cost of manufacturing.
Analysis of the Impact of ADC Manufacturing Innovation
Innovation is needed to shorten the development time of ADCs and to achieve cost savings in the ADC production. There is at present too complex a set of manufacturing processes carried out across multiple vendors in different geographic locations.
Advanced Manufacturing Process Innovation
There is great potential for further development and greater application of optimised process solutions by the CDMO industry to significantly enhance efficiency. A cutting edge example is the opportunity to utilize tools developed specifically for ADC development and manufacturing such as Lock-Release. This technique streamlines bioconjugation into four simple steps. The technology locks the antibody (mAb) to a resin, performs the conjugation, washes the locked ADC free of residuals and then releases the purified ADC.
The technology is central to a new integrated bioconjugation concept that is being verified – a technique in which one combined process achieves both mAb purification and conjugation. This integration of the Lock-Release-mediated ADC process into the platform mAb process is transformational. Lock-Release starts with antibody supernatants and facilitates both the antibody capture step and subsequent conjugation of the toxin-linker to generate the ADC.
Consequently, the starting point for conjugation will no longer be constrained to the use of purified antibodies as with this new process, it can instead begin anywhere between first capture of the mAb from the cell culture supernatant onto an affinity Lock-Release resin and the final stage mAb process operations typically employed. Due to the fact that this involves the handling of highly potent cytotoxins, it will require the conjugation and purification processes to be carried out by integrated bioconjugation CDMOs with the necessary high containment infrastructure. The regulatory requirements for viral inactivation, viral clearance and final polishing steps can then be met post-conjugation.
An integrated process saves an estimated 8 months in preparing Phase I material from a defined ADC candidate – 24 months instead of 32. This approach treats the antibody as a process intermediate rather than qualified drug substance. The technique eliminates repeated incoming QC analytics, mAb formulation and stability, shipping delays/risks and separate scale-up studies, reduces material wastage and involves less contingency planning. Compression of timelines by 8 months is critical in an oncology setting, and can be the difference between a life saving or life extending option for patients.
Lock-Release affinity resins enhance the integration of the conjugation step into the mAb platform process, by providing both purification capability and compatibility with conjugation conditions.
This innovative, advanced manufacturing technique would revolutionise the ADC production industry – seeing the industry shift from the current separated process approach to one in which the entire supply chain is considered as a continuum with only the final ADC considered as a product.
The integrated process enables supply chain optimisation; one CDMO facility can perform operations typically provided by 2 or 3 service providers (or separate facilities of one provider). The advantages of such an integrated process platform outweigh the effort involved in its development, validation, operational risk assessment and implementation of facility segregation.
Conclusion
The market is seeing significant growth in studies focused on the use of ADCs to treat other diseases and conditions beyond the realm of cancer - with the numbers of such drugs in active clinical trials growing monthly. Furthermore, the use of ADCs in combination with checkpoint inhibitors is a further growth area in anti-cancer treatment with a large number of such biopharmaceuticals now in clinical trials.
The ADC drug market is set to see significant advances in manufacturing efficiency with the improvements achieved through process innovation. This will include the integration of bioconjugation with mAB purification through a highly novel downstream development process which provides the benefit of just one set of manufacturing, analytical development and release processes, reduces costs and speeds up manufacturing and development time by as much as 8 months. For drug developers who historically have been ultra-conservative in adopting changes to tried and tested manufacturing methods, the allure of significant extension of patent protection is a compelling reason to seriously consider early implementation of integrated processes.
References
- Yu, Shan, Aaron D Pearson, Reyna KV Lim, David T Rodgers, Sijia Li, Holly B Parker, Meredith Weglarz, et al. “Targeted Delivery of an Anti-Inflammatory PDE4 Inhibitor to Immune Cells via an Antibody–Drug Conjugate.” Molecular Therapy 24, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 2078–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2016.175.
- Lim, Reyna K. V., Shan Yu, Bo Cheng, Sijia Li, Nam-Jung Kim, Yu Cao, Victor Chi, et al. “Targeted Delivery of LXR Agonist Using a Site-Specific Antibody–Drug Conjugate.” Bioconjugate Chemistry 26, no. 11 (November 18, 2015): 2216–22. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00203
- Duzkale, Hatice, Lance C. Pagliaro, Michael G. Rosenblum, Ali Varan, Baoshun Liu, James Reuben, William G. Wierda, et al. “Bone Marrow Purging Studies in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Using the Recombinant Anti-CD33 Immunotoxin HuM195/RGel.” Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 9, no. 6 (June 2003): 364–72.
- Duzkale, Hatice, Lance C. Pagliaro, Michael G. Rosenblum, Ali Varan, Baoshun Liu, James Reuben, William G. Wierda, et al. “Bone Marrow Purging Studies in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Using the Recombinant Anti-CD33 Immunotoxin HuM195/RGel.” Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 9, no. 6 (June 2003): 364–72.
- Kim, Chan Hyuk, Jun Y. Axup, Anna Dubrovska, Stephanie A. Kazane, Benjamin A. Hutchins, Erik D. Wold, Vaughn V. Smider, and Peter G. Schultz. “Synthesis of Bispecific Antibodies Using Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acids.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, no. 24 (June 20, 2012): 9918–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja303904e.